Examined the impact of conformity with his famous Line Perception experiment. b. there is no physiological basis for aggression in humans. Just that morning, a court officer had confiscated a juror's copy of The New York Post with the case on the cover. In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. (d) Put a=1/2a=1 / 2a=1/2. A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. Around nine-in-ten Americans favor some form of marijuana legalization, according to an April 2021 Pew Research Center survey.An overwhelming majority of U.S. adults (91%) say either that marijuana should be legal for medical and recreational use (60%) or that it should be legal for medical use only (31%).Just 8% say the drug should not be legal in any form. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. Tensions between, say, a White persons own good intentions, on the one hand, and discomfort with closely interacting with a Black person, on the other hand, may cause the White person to behave stiffly or be distracted. She goes against the common idea of older adults as being weak or unhealthy. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. Biases can explicit (overt and conscious) or more implicit (automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent). As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) Expert Help. A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. For example, the interviewer might hold a negative view of women and, without even realizing it, act distant and withdrawn while interviewing the female candidate. The stereotype content model attends to two major dimensions of evaluating other people: warmth and competence. Desirable? Altemeyer, B. This is how the IAT works: measuring tiny differences in the time it takes you to make judgments. View Essay - chapter_12 from HLT 1353 at University of Houston. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. Male 1: Maybe more than anybody else. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. 1. For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Female 2: I can be hard to figure out Male 2: and I like my privacy. c. frontal lobes To illustrate this pattern, we turn to two ideologies related to bias. 2. Not all stereotypes of outgroups are all bad. Identities are not so simple, but maybe as the 21st century unfurls, we will recognize each other by the content of our individual character instead of against the backdrop of stereotypes. Does the sender (maker) of a debit memorandum record a debit or a credit in the recipients account? What entry (debit or credit) does the recipient record? When are petty cash expenses recognized (at the time of establishment, reimbursement, or replenishment)? Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. People naturally create mental categories. Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. (Mob Mentality), The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. We identify o We compare Ingroup bias o Tendency to favor ones own group o. When she gets home in the evening, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. Peter Principle: The Peter Principle is an observation that the tendency in most organizational hierarchies , such as that of a corporation, is for every employee to rise in the hierarchy through . Also called the cross- race effect and the own- race bias. They are excited on the morning of the competition because they both believe that their team is going to win since they are the better team. It was used in the context of the last major effort by electric utilities . Here, it is because this outgroup member brings in values or beliefs that the person high in RWA disagrees with, thus threatening the collective values of his or her group. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. (tn dn si) n., pl. Instead, it measures how quickly people make judgments about the goodness or badness of various groups. What term best describes Elena's behavior? And a stereotypical old person would be seen as high in warmth but lower in competence. d. the fundamental attribution error. According to Gallup's polling . Developed Social Learning Theory, where children learn through watching AND imitating actions. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. Sons are more valued than daughters. Distinguish blatant biases from subtle biases. People have always and still do openly dehumanize outgroup members and harbor hostile attitudes toward them. experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. It applies U.S. GAAP and reports in U.S. dollars. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard, influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality, stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. (1974). Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in: Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. The firm does the following: b. People are often biased against others outside of their own social group, showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (cognitive bias), and discrimination (behavioral bias). In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot majoritarian elections with single-member districts (such as first past the post) tend to favor a two-party system.The discovery of this tendency is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. Microaggressions are often subtle so that makes them easy to shake off. python 3d scatter plot with labels; Most people have a positive view of themselves. They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. Participants paid $1 more likely to change their beliefs about the task. Also called the cross-race effct and the own-race . HLT 1353. chapter_12_answers - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. . In general, those high in SDO have a strong belief in work ethicthat hard work always pays off and leisure is a waste of time. By understanding this natural human tendency, you can focus on finding ways to cut other people a break and to stop expecting the worst. Being aware of our own tendency to fixate on the negative is also important. We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. Then create a word search puzzle using the sentences-without the word as clues. In our soccer example, one set of children will focus on their own desire to play without really regarding the similar desire of the other class as equal and legitimate. In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion. HLT. d. physical attractiveness. According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that. (Extremes). The frustration-aggression principle most clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of: Tell your classmates what you will visit and what you will do and see there. a. amygdala Another case in which people judge other members of the ingroup very negatively occurs when a member of one's own group behaves in a . Where slavery was practiced, prejudice ran strong. c. blood alcohol. What does the term multicultural mean? (1998). Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. What causes a gain or loss on the sale of a bond investment? c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. School California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Course Title PSYC 3500; Uploaded By staceymartinez1224. "Them"those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. "Us"people with whom we share a common identity. Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. For example, a person might not have ever been to a Hindu wedding, but their experience of weddings as a general category can help them know what to expect and how to behave. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. Boy scout experiment- created conflict and then used superordinate goals to override it, woman whose murder in front of witnesses led to research on bystander effect, Los Infinitivos -AR de Descubre 1: Parte 1, Los Infinitivos -AR de Descubre 1: Parte 2, 01: History of PsychPeople (Unit 1 Review), Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. Like the guard at night saying: Who goes there, friend or foe? If the other group has good, cooperative intentions, we view them as warm and often consider them part of our side. However, if the other group is cold, we often view them as a threat and treat them accordingly. Conserves physiological arousal and excitement. A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. Bodenhausen, G. V., & Peery, D. (2009). Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. ppp and mmm, and check their signs. The tendency to favor their ingroup develops quickly in young children, increasing up to about six years of age, and almost immediately begins to influence their behavior (Aboud, 2003; Aboud & Amato, 2001). Sadly, this can result in consequential discrimination, such as allocating fewer resources to disliked outgroups (Rudman & Ashmore, 2009). In the context of distinctiveness, you are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as: When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the close of World War II, one German responded: "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. We also want to know whether the members of the group are competent enough to act on their good or ill intentions. : Men are more intelligent. a. warrior There are also lots of stereotypes regarding each race. Or even ageist people who feel fond of older adults but, at the same time, view them as incompetent to support themselves and worry about the burden they place on public welfare programs. Categories, then, are becoming more and more uncertain, unclear, volatile, and complex (Bodenhausen & Peery, 2009). Unjustified negative action towards a member of a group because they belong to that group. Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments, facts and respond with favorable thoughts. A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. In the context of psychology, this scenario illustrates ________. This might remind you of self-determination theory, with its focus on autonomy, relatedness, and competence. Social trap where 2 prisoners are separated and have to consider the impacts of cooperating with their partner or competing to get the first confession. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. frustration-aggression principle., The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: a. a social trap. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. This example is an illustration of: If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate: Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. D) Relating to several _____ is the tendency to attribute one's own characteristics to other people. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most: These groups could be formed by gender, race, ethnicity, or a favorite sports team. NIMBY, also spelled Nimby, in full Not in My Backyard or Not in My Backyard Phenomenon, a colloquialism signifying one's opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one's neighborhood. Historical examples abound. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. Take the IAT. a. more; less Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if, He feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team, After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. Distinguish prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. . One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." A groups position on the dimensions of warmth and competence dictate whether we relate to its members with admiration, dehumanizing contempt, competitive envy, or paternalistic caretaking. First, there is the problem of stereotyping. The principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression. The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. Being audience-centered means a speaker must sacrifice what she or he really believes to get a favorable response from . How is it that entire groups of people were left out of political participation, justice, and freedom? Was the White person wrong because they will never learn to be comfortable if they avoid contact? Next, categorization can also lead to prejudice. RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. Denote the maximal utility as a function of ppp and mmm by U(p,m)U^*(p, m)U(p,m), the value function, also called the indirect utility function. swissworld: saisons Basically, rumination . Calls for national unity and patriotism that do not tolerate dissenting voices are an example. On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by: a. a dispositional attribution. We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. The process of pursuing our full potential is what he called the actualizing tendency. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or false: Prejudice definitions can include positive or negative judgments., Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas _____ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual., In the context of the world, every race is a: and more. A simple way to understand these mixed feelings, across a variety of groups, results from the Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence. The results of this study showed that the participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were Black. a. the bystander effect. What was the highest marginal tax rate for married taxpayers in 1970? The tenency to favor our own group: Term. model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components. c. The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force. Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory. Although this is unfair, sometimes the automatic associationsoften driven by societys stereotypestrump our own explicit values (Devine, 1989). Some group stereotypes are mixed, high on one dimension and low on the other. Draw a circle graph with this information. Discrimination and the implicit association test. This finding is an example of: In Europe, prejudice is often greater among those whose positive self-image is threatened. After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. Categories get more complicated when we apply them to humans. b. implicit prejudice. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. a. p.)\left.p.\right)p.). When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). As a result, the White person may give a good excuse to avoid such awkward situations. Only when research participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. a. They prescribe "proper" behavior. Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Stereotypes are biased thoughts about a person due to the incorrect belief that the category accurately describes them. Other Quizlet sets. These types of stereotypes were overt, unapologetic, and expected to be shared by otherswhat we now call blatant biases. They were generalizations about a group, since most of the college students did not interact with people from Turkey.
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