The ancient kingdom of Mali spread across parts of modern-day Mali, Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Mauritania, and Burkina Faso. [90][91] His reign is considered the golden age of Mali. [86] Fajigi is remembered as having traveled to Mecca to retrieve ceremonial objects known as boliw, which feature in Mand traditional religion. [28] The Tarikh al-fattash claims that Musa accidentally killed Kanku at some point prior to his hajj. [96], According to some Arabic writers, Musa's gift-giving caused a depreciation in the value of gold in Egypt. [26][17] Ibn Khaldun said that he "was an upright man and a great king, and tales of his justice are still told."[101]. The people of the south needed salt for their diet, but it was extremely rare.
Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) - National Geographic Society The tarikh states that a Sultan Kunburu became a Muslim and had his palace pulled down and the site turned into a mosque; he then built another palace for himself near the mosque on the east side. In Ibn Khaldun's account, Sundjata is recorded as Mari Djata with "Mari" meaning "Amir" or "Prince". Mansa Ms, either the grandson or the grandnephew of Sundiata, the founder of his dynasty, came to the throne in 1307. By the time of his death in 1337, Mali had control over Taghazza, a salt-producing area in the north, which further strengthened its treasury. In this lesson, students read one recent blog post about Musa I of Mali's wealth, followed by two historical documents from the fourteenth-century, to answer the question: Was Mansa Musa the richest person ever? The Mali Empire expanded through conquest or annexation. Mansa Musa developed cities like Timbuktu and Gao into important cultural centers. published on 17 October 2020. The Portuguese decided to stay out of the conflict and the talks concluded by 1495 without an alliance.[110]. With trade being disrupted by wars, there was no way for the economy to continue to prosper. [58] This area was composed of mountains, savannah and forest providing ideal protection and resources for the population of hunters. Extensive archaeological digs have shown that the area was an important trade and manufacturing center in the 15th century, but no firm evidence of royal residence has come to light. The mansa could also replace a farba if he got out of control, as in the case of Diafunu. [8] Mansa, 'ruler'[9] or 'king'[10] in Mand, was the title of the ruler of the Mali Empire. This is the first account of a West African kingdom made directly by an eyewitness; the others are usually second-hand. [102], The Songhai settlement effectively shook off Mali's authority in 1375. Musa expanded the borders of the Mali Empire, in particular incorporating the cities of Gao and Timbuktu into its territory. As a result of this the empire fell. The historian al-Umar, who visited Cairo 12 years after the emperors visit, found the inhabitants of this city, with a population estimated at one million, still singing the praises of Mansa Ms. What did Ms I do when he returned to Mali? [145] Another common weapon of Mandekalu warriors was the poison javelin used in skirmishes. Arab writers from the time said that he travelled with an entourage of tens of thousands of people and dozens of camels, each carrying 136 kilograms (300 pounds) of gold. Imperial Mali's horsemen also used iron helmet and mail armour for defence[146] as well as shields similar to those of the infantry. Ibn Battuta mentions that the value of salt increased fourfold when transported between Oualata and the Malian capital. It was "an admirable Monument", surmounted by a dome and adorned with arabesques of striking colours. Al-Qalqashandi quotes al-'Umari as spelling it. [107] The Gambia was still firmly in Mali's control, and these raiding expeditions met with disastrous fates before Portugal's Diogo Gomes began formal relations with Mali via its remaining Wolof subjects. By 1180 it had even subjugated Wagadou forcing the Sonink to pay tribute. Kangaba, the de facto capital of Manden since the time of the last emperor, became the capital of the northern sphere. The kingdom of Mali reached its greatest extent around the same time, a bustling, wealthy kingdom thanks to Mansa Musas expansion and administration.Mansa Musa died in 1337 and was succeeded by his sons. His descendants migrated to the land of Mali and established the Mandinka clan of Keita. [42] Another source of income for Mali during Musa's reign was taxation of the copper trade. In addition, Mansa Ms had a baggage train of 80 camels, each carrying 300 pounds of gold. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Musa's name Kanku Musa means "Musa son of Kanku", but the genealogy may not be literal. Oral tradition states that he had three sons who fought over Manden's remains. After the publication of this atlas, Mansa Musa became cemented in the global imagination as a figure of stupendous wealth.After his return from Mecca, Mansa Musa began to revitalize cities in his kingdom. The other characteristic of this era is the gradual loss of its northern and eastern possessions to the rising Songhai Empire and the movement of the Mali's economic focus from the trans-Saharan trade routes to the burgeoning commerce along the coast. Under his reign, Mali conquered the neighbouring kingdom of Songhai.
Medieval Map Points to World's Richest Man, Maybe Ever The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. [24] The empire's total area included nearly all the land between the Sahara Desert and coastal forests. [122] They targeted Moroccan pashas still in Timbuktu and the mansas of Manden. [92] Furthermore, it is difficult to meaningfully compare the wealth of historical figures such as Mansa Musa, due to the difficulty of separating the personal wealth of a monarch from the wealth of the state and the difficulty of comparing wealth in highly different societies.
[91] Historians such as Hadrien Collet have argued that Musa's wealth is impossible to accurately calculate. If Dakajalan was, in fact, situated near Kangaba, this may also have contributed to their conflation, beginning with Delafosse's speculation that the latter may have begun as a suburb of the former. It was this pilgrimage that awakened the world to the stupendous wealth of Mali. It then seized Timbuktu from the Tuareg in 1468 under Sunni Ali Ber. [137], Copper was also a valued commodity in imperial Mali. The Manding languages were spoken in the empire.
Sundiata Keita - National Geographic Society World History Encyclopedia. It wasn't long before the new kingdom of Great Fulo was warring against Mali's remaining provinces. Umari also describes the empire as being south of Marrakesh and almost entirely inhabited except for few places. Ag-Amalwal. This process was essential to keep non-Manding subjects loyal to the Manding elites that ruled them. [79][80], Musa's reign is commonly regarded as Mali's golden age, but this perception may be the result of his reign being the best recorded by Arabic sources, rather than him necessarily being the wealthiest and most powerful mansa of Mali. [136] One particular source of salt in the Mali Empire was salt-mining sites located in Taghaza. [132], The Mali Empire flourished because of its trade above all else. [6] The early history of the Mali Empire (before the 13th century) is unclear, as there are conflicting and imprecise accounts by both Arab chroniclers and oral traditionalists. [e] After the loss of the first expedition, Muhammad led the second expedition himself. He was crowned under the throne name Sunidata Keita becoming the first Mandinka emperor. jeli), also known as griots, includes relatively little information about Musa compared to some other parts of the history of Mali. (2020, October 17). World History Encyclopedia, 17 Oct 2020. Still, when Ibn Battuta arrived at Mali in July 1352, he found a thriving civilisation on par with virtually anything in the Muslim or Christian world. The empire he founded became one of the richest in the world, and his descendants included one of the richest individuals to ever live, Mansa Musa. The Wolof populations of the area united into their own state known as the Jolof Empire in the 1350s. Musa conquered more than 20 major cities in his lifetime. [62] According to one account given by Ibn Khaldun, Musa's general Saghmanja conquered Gao. The emperor was so overjoyed by the new acquisition that he decided to delay his return to Niani and to visit Gao instead, there to receive the personal submission of the Songhai king and take the kings two sons as hostages. It is unknown from whom he descended; however, another emperor, Mansa Maghan Keita III, is sometimes cited as Mansa Mahmud Keita I. This led to inflation throughout the kingdom. [43] Djibril Tamsir Niane, a Guinean historian, has been a forceful advocate of this position in recent decades. [56], In the 1960s, archaeological work at Niani village, reputed to be the capital of the Mali Empire, by Polish and Guinean archaeologists revealed the remains of a substantial town dating back as far as the 6th century. King of Kings in the Mandinka language a reference to a great ruler in the Mali Empire of ancient Africa. In 1534, Mahmud III, the grandson of Mahmud II, received another Portuguese envoy to the Mali court by the name of Pero Fernandes. The Joma area, governed from Siguiri, controlled the central region, which encompassed Niani. Musa I (known more commonly as Mansa Musa) was the tenth Mansa (a Mandinka word for "emperor") of the Mali Empire. Stories of his fabulous wealth even reached Europe. Al-Umari reported that Mali had fourteen provinces. [128] Nevertheless, the mansa managed to keep tax money and nominal control over the area without agitating his subjects into revolt. The family tree of Mansa Musa. [73], Prince Sundjata was prophesied to become a great conqueror. There was also a palace conspiracy to overthrow him hatched by the Qasa (the Manding term meaning Queen) Kassi and several army commanders. [70] These men had to be of the horon (freemen) caste and appear with their own arms. From the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library, Timbuktu. The Gbara or Great Assembly would serve as the Mandinka deliberative body until the collapse of the empire in 1645. [70] Gbr Keita was crowned Mansa Ouali Keita II and ruled during the period of Mali's contact with Portugal. During his reign, Mali was one of the richest kingdoms of Africa, and Mansa Musa was among the richest individuals in the world. Sundjata is credited with at least the initial organisation of the Manding military. [citation needed]. CREDITS:
Chart/Narration: Matt Baker Research/Artwork: From Nothing Team
Editing: Jack Rackam
Intro animation: Syawish Rehman
Intro music: "Lord of the Land" by Kevin MacLeod and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0. [130] Farbas were picked by the mansa from the conquering farin or family members. Salt was as valuable, if not more valuable, than gold in sub-Saharan Africa. Mansa Musa was immensely wealthy (whether he can be regarded as personally wealthy or wealthy because he controlled the gold mines of Mali is, of course, a . This website claims no authorship of this content; we are republishing it for educational purposes.
Mansa Musa Biography - Facts, Childhood, Family Life & Achievements It may have been located close to modern Kangaba. In Niani, Musa built the Hall of Audience, a building communicating by an interior door to the royal palace. He brought back with him descendants of Mohammed, Islamic scholars, and architect Abu Es Haq es Saheli, who went on to create the Djinguereber mosque. The Manding languages were spoken in the empire. Following the death of Sundiata Keita in c. 1255, the kings of Mali were referred to by the title mansa. [32] When he did not return, Musa was crowned as mansa himself, marking a transfer of the line of succession from the descendants of Sunjata to the descendants of his brother Abu Bakr. [70][141] With the help of the river clans, this army could be deployed throughout the realm on short notice. [39] Her jamu (clan name) Konte is shared with both Sunjata's mother Sogolon Konte and his arch-enemy Sumanguru Konte. Musa gave the gold to the poor he met along his route. UsefulCharts, . Ibn Battuta observed the employment of servants in both towns. In 1203, the Sosso king Soumaoro of the Kant clan came to power and reportedly terrorised much of Manden stealing women and goods from both Dodougou and Kri. His reign saw the first in a string of many great losses to Mali. [d], Musa's father was named Faga Leye[12] and his mother may have been named Kanku. Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim. During his reign, the Mossi emperor Bonga of Yatenga raided into Mali and plundered Macina. He is the resurrected spirit of Masuta the Ascended, the second boss in the first elite dungeon, Temple of Aminishi . The fame of Mansa Musa and his phenomenal wealth spread as he traveled on his hajjto Mecca. Despite the faama of Niani's wishes to respect the prophecy and put Sundiata on the throne, the son from his first wife Sassouma Brt was crowned instead. [61], According to the Tarikh al-Sudan, the cities of Gao and Timbuktu submitted to Musa's rule as he traveled through on his return to Mali. The emperor himself rode on horseback and was directly preceded by 500 enslaved persons, each carrying a gold-adorned staff. . Mansa Musa turned the kingdom of Mali into a sophisticated center of learning in the Islamic world.Mansa Musa came to power in 1312 C.E., after the previous king, Abu Bakr II, disappeared at sea. [43] In 1324, while in Cairo, Musa said that he had conquered 24 cities and their surrounding districts.[44]. [108] Alvise Cadamosto, a Venetian explorer, recorded that the Mali Empire was the most powerful entity on the coast in 1454. Under Mansa Ms, Timbuktu grew to be a very important commercial city having caravan connections with Egypt and with all other important trade centres in North Africa. [98], The wealth of the Mali Empire did not come from direct control of gold-producing regions, but rather trade and tribute. Equipped with two quivers and a knife fastened to the back of their arm, Mandinka bowmen used barbed, iron-tipped arrows that were usually poisoned. All rights reserved. [93] In 1514, the Denianke dynasty was established in Tekrour. Last modified October 17, 2020. The video and its description text are provided by Youtube. [44] Niani's reputation as an imperial capital may derive from its importance in the late imperial period, when the Songhai Empire to the northeast pushed Mali back to the Manding heartland. [citation needed] The northern region on the other hand had no shortage of salt. Gold dust was used all over the empire, but was not valued equally in all regions. We care about our planet! [86] Qu was succeeded by his son Muhammad, who launched two voyages to explore the Atlantic Ocean. [108], Despite their power in the west, Mali was losing the battle for supremacy in the north and northeast. In the first millennium BC, early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the Soninke people, along the middle Niger River in central Mali, including at Dia which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC,[52] and Djenne-Djenno, which lasted from around 250 BC to 900 AD. While in Cairo during his hajj, Musa befriended officials such as Ibn Amir Hajib, who learned about him and his country from him and later passed on that information to historians such as Al-Umari. The third great account is that of Ibn Khaldun, who wrote in the early 15th century. Musa and his entourage gave and spent freely while in Cairo. Gold, copper, and salt were a major source of income in the 12th century and the empire happened to be blessed with it, even more as it expanded. In 1330, the kingdom of Mossi invaded and conquered the city of Timbuktu. The Rock art in the Sahara suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and rich in wildlife. Mansa Musa (died 1337), king of the Mali empire in West Africa, is known mostly for his fabulous pilgrimage to Mecca and for his promotion of unity and prosperity within Mali. [100], Arabic writers, such as Ibn Battuta and Abdallah ibn Asad al-Yafii, praised Musa's generosity, virtue, and intelligence. Free warriors from the south came armed with bows and poisonous arrows. He also states that Djata or "Jatah" means "lion". Candice Goucher, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton. He ruled oppressively and nearly bankrupted Mali with his lavish spending. Therefore, Arabic visitors may have assigned the "capital" label merely to whatever major city the mansa was based out of at the time of their visit. He recruited scholars from the wider Muslim world to travel to Mali, such as the Andalusian poet Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, and helped establish Timbuktu as a center of Islamic learning.
Different oral traditions conflict with each other, as well as Ibn Khaldun, about the transfer of power following Sunjata's death. [123] Segou, defended by Bitn Coulibaly, successfully defended itself and Mama Maghan was forced to withdraw. Mss rule defined the golden age of Mali. [81] He went on the hajj during the reign of Mamluk sultan Baibars (12601277). Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/video/2147/mansa-musa-family-tree--empire-of-mali/. [70] Both of these men were part of Mali's warrior elite known as the ton-ta-jon-ta-ni-woro ("sixteen carriers of quivers"). The Bamana, likewise, vowed not to advance farther upstream than Niamina. His generous gifts to Mamluk Egypt and his expenditure of gold caused significant inflation in Egypt. His skillful administration left his empire well-off at the time of his death, but eventually, the empire fell apart. Al-Umari, who wrote down a description of Mali based on information given to him by Abu Said 'Otman ed Dukkali (who had lived 35 years in the capital), reported the realm as being square and an eight-month journey from its coast at Tura (at the mouth of the Senegal River) to Muli. Nelson, 1971. During his monarchy Musa or Musa, I was highly powered and the richest individual king Mansa Musa the . [47], According to Jules Vidal and Levtzion, citing oral histories from Kangaba and Keyla, another onetime capital was Manikoro or Mali-Kura, founded after the destruction of Niani. [82], Musa is less renowned in Mand oral tradition as performed by the jeliw. He ruled between 707-732/737 according to the Islamic calendar (AH), which translates to 1307-1332/1337 CE. Ms Is hajj left a lasting impression of Malis splendour on both the Islamic and European worlds. [113], In 1544 or 1545,[f] a Songhai force led by kanfari Dawud, who would later succeed his brother Askia Ishaq as ruler of the Songhai Empire, sacked the capital of Mali and purportedly used the royal palace as a latrine. [71] However, Ibn Khaldun also reports that Musa sent an envoy to congratulate Abu al-Hasan Ali for his conquest of Tlemcen, which took place in May 1337, but by the time Abu al-Hasan sent an envoy in response, Musa had died and Suleyman was on the throne, suggesting Musa died in 1337. Mansa Musa ruled over the Mali empire in the 14th Century, and his incredible access to gold made him arguably . [92] He was one of the first truly devout Muslims to lead the Mali Empire. He is believed to be one of the richest individuals to have walked on this planet. [j][52][53] While in Cairo, Musa met with the Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, whose reign had already seen one mansa, Sakura, make the hajj.
Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. According to Burkinab writer Joseph Ki-Zerbo, the farther a person travelled from Niani, the more decentralised the mansa's power became. Between 1324 - 1325, Mansa Musa . [93] Dyamani-tiguis had to be approved by the mansa and were subject to his oversight. [25] The empire also reached its highest population during the Laye period ruling over 400 cities,[26] towns and villages of various religions and elasticities. Sandaki likely means High Counsellor or Supreme Counsellor, from san or sanon (meaning "high") and adegue (meaning counsellor). [84][85] However, some aspects of Musa appear to have been incorporated into a figure in Mand oral tradition known as Fajigi, which translates as "father of hope". Al-Umari said that before Musa's arrival, a mithqal of gold was worth 25 silver dirhams, but that it dropped to less than 22 dirhams afterward and did not go above that number for at least twelve years. [78] There was evidently a power struggle of some kind involving the gbara or great council and donson ton or hunter guilds. [72] In contrast, al-Umari, writing twelve years after Musa's hajj, in approximately 1337,[73] claimed that Musa returned to Mali intending to abdicate and return to live in Mecca but died before he could do so,[74] suggesting he died even earlier than 1332. Ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. [57][58] Having run out of money, Musa and his entourage were forced to borrow money and re-sell much of what they had purchased while in Cairo before the hajj, and Musa went into debt to several merchants, such as Siraj al-Din. Manuscript of Nasir al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn al-Hajj al-Amin al-Tawathi al-Ghalawi's Kashf al-Ghummah fi Nafa al-Ummah. Scholars who were mainly interested in history, Qurnic theology, and law were to make the mosque of Sankore in Timbuktu a teaching centre and to lay the foundations of the University of Sankore. King Mansa Musa is famous for his Hajj journey, during which he stopped off in Egypt and gave out so much gold that the Egyptian economy was ruined for years to come. They founded the first village of the Manding, Kirikoroni, then Kirina, Siby, Kita. Gao had already been captured by Musa's general, and Musa quickly regained Timbuktu, built a rampart and stone fort, and placed a standing army to protect the city from future invaders.[70]. Mansa Musa ruled the Malian empire from 1312-1337 CE. Available from http://incompetech.com. His reign is associated with numerous construction projects, including part of Djinguereber Mosque in Timbuktu. It spanned the modern-day countries of Senegal, southern Mauritania, Mali, northern Burkina Faso, western Niger, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, the Ivory Coast and northern Ghana.
Does Mansa Musa have any living descendants? - Quora https://www.worldhistory.org/video/2147/mansa-musa-family-tree--empire-of-mali/. Musa made his pilgrimage between 1324 and 1325 spanning 2,700 miles. The northern commercial towns of Oualata and Audaghost were also conquered and became part of the new state's northern border. Musa embarked on a large building program, raising mosques and madrasas in Timbuktu and Gao. Musa I ( Arabic: , romanized : Mans Ms, N'Ko: ; r. c. 1312 - c. 1337 [a]) was the ninth [4] mansa of the Mali Empire, which reached its territorial peak during his reign. Mali's Timbuktu was known for its schools and libraries. He became emperor in 1307. To Musa, Islam was "an entry into the cultured world of the Eastern Mediterranean". Al-Nasir expected Musa to prostrate himself before him, which Musa initially refused to do. Abu Bakr was the first and only mansa to inherit through the female line, which has been argued to be either a break from or a return to tradition. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. . Mansa Ms, whose empire was one of the largest in the world at that time, is reported to have observed that it would take a year to travel from one end of his empire to the other. Traveling separately from the main caravan, their return journey to Cairo was struck by catastrophe. The next great unit of exchange in the Mali Empire was salt. He did however, maintain contacts with Morocco, sending a giraffe to King Abu Hassan.
Mansa Musa Family Tree - World History Encyclopedia [120] Each ruler used the title of mansa, but their authority only extended as far as their own sphere of influence. His riches came from the mining of significant gold and salt deposits in the Mali Empire, along with the slave and ivory trade.[6][7]. Although this time in the kingdom was prosperous, Mali's wealth and power soon declined. Sadly for Sundjata, this did not occur before his father died. [88], Mansa Musa is renowned for his wealth and generosity. Editing: Jack Rackam. Yet native sources seem to pay him little attention. During the height of Sundiata's power, the land of Manden (the area populated by the Mandinka people) became one of its provinces.
[70] The mansa lost control of Jalo during this period. After many years in exile, first at the court of Wagadou and then at Mema, Sundiata was sought out by a Niani delegation and begged to combat the Sosso and free the kingdoms of Manden forever. Musa stayed in the Qarafa district of Cairo, and befriended its governor, Ibn Amir Hajib, who learned much about Mali from him. Timbuktu was a place of trade, entertainment, and education. ", "Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen Age", "Towards a New Study of the So-Called Trkh al-fattsh", World History Encyclopedia Mansa Musa I, History Channel: Mansa Moussa: Pilgrimage of Gold, Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time: Art, Culture, and Exchange across Medieval Saharan Africa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mansa_Musa&oldid=1142573327, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mansa Musa was portrayed in two games in the, Mansa Musa was portrayed in the episode ", This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 05:05. This is one of the main factors to the fall of the kingdom. The date of Mahmud's death and identity of his immediate successor are not recorded, and there is a gap of 65 years before another mansa's identity is recorded. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. [7] Maghan I succeeded his father as mansa in 1337, but was deposed by his uncle Suleyman in 1341. Most West African canoes were of single-log construction, carved and dug out from one massive tree trunk.[144]. Historians who lived during the height and decline of the Mali Empire consistently record its standing army peaking at 100,000, with 10,000 of that number being made up of cavalry. Each individual farariya ("brave") had a number of infantry officers beneath them called kl-koun or dknsi. Musa and his entourage arrived at the outskirts of Cairo in July 1324. Embedded by Arienne King, published on 17 October 2020. Musa was a Muslim, and his pilgrimage to Mecca, also known as hajj, made him well known across Northern Africa and the Middle East. The 1375 Catalan Atlas portrayed a "city of Melly" (Catalan: ciutat de Melly) in West Africa. Upon his return in 1324, Ms Is pious pilgrimage inspired him to commission two enormous mosques in Timbuktu and Gao. Mali borrowed the practice to stem inflation of the substance, since it was so prominent in the region. The value of the salt was chiefly determined by the transport costs. Mande bards in the region speak of the Dakajalan site, containing Sundiata's grave, as sacrosanct. .
[74] The combined forces of northern and southern Manden defeated the Sosso army at the Battle of Kirina (then known as Krina) in approximately 1235. The Camara (or Kamara) are said to be the first family to have lived in Manding, after having left, due to the drought, Ouallata, a region of Wagadou, in the south-east of present-day Mauritania. The latter told Ibn Khaldun about devastating struggle over Gao between Mali imperial forces against Berber Tuareg forces from Takedda. The Malian and Moroccan armies fought at Jenne on 26 April, the last day of Ramadan, and the Moroccans were victorious thanks to their firearms and Bukar's support, but Mahmud was able to escape. The family tree of Mansa Musa. Mansa Musa was very wealthy and religious man who went on his Hajj for religious reasons and to also help people from his empire make the holy trip to Mecca for the god Allah.
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