can low magnesium kill you

Magnesium can be taken using an inhaler to help reduce symptoms of Asthma. Can vitamins help prevent a heart attack? Skin Care. Administering magnesium intravenously helps reduce muscle pain or spasms. Consuming certain medications like diuretics or proton pump inhibitors can reduce magnesium. Some experts believe hypomagnesemia worsens insulin resistance, which in turn worsens hypomagnesemia, creating a downward spiral. Low . Vitamins for MS: Do supplements make a difference? Know the Signs, Save a Life, Dehydration Can Raise Risk of Stroke and Other Serious Health Problems In the Elderly, Can Supplements Prevent a Stroke? Magnesium Deficiency: Symptoms, Causes, and More - Verywell Health Similarly, taking magnesium to increase blood magnesium levels exerts anti-anxiety effects. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'natureword_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_1',115,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'natureword_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_2',115,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1'); .large-mobile-banner-1-multi-115{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}Up to 50% of diabetics have low magnesium levels, research says. (Thats what they call it when you dont get the recommended amount of magnesium in your body, but youre not exactly at the point of a magnesium deficiency.). Magnesium: The Fact That Can Kill You | Functional Medicine University Improve your energy! Magnesium, the invisible deficiency that hurts health | CNN Multiple tests can analyze metabolism. Why You Are Most Likely Magnesium Deficient - Functional Medical Institute Magnesium Overdose is real, but is extremely rare - and for the vast majority of people, is never going to be an issue no matter how much magnesium you take. Others, not so After more than a year of endless postponements and cancellations due to Fifty years ago, food allergies were rarealmost unheard of. Taking magnesium can improve symptoms of both depression and anxiety and potentially help manage the conditions. Fatigue. Youll also find magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium lactate and many more at your local pharmacy and online. I'm just at a loss. Despite the well-recognized importance of magnesium, low and high levels have been documented in ill patients, a. An estimated 2 percent of the general population has hypomagnesemia. However, it's expensive and not . Every year I go fly fishing in the Bahamas, walking the flats sometimes several miles a day. Very high levels of magnesium in the blood can also lead to cardiac arrest. Snapping or blowing up at others easily. Do You Need a Service Dog for Pain Management? You could be especially at risk for torsades de pointes, a type of arrhythmia (uneven heartbeat). There are some people . Normal serum magnesium concentrations range between 0.75 and 0.95 millimoles (mmol)/L [ 1, 5 ]. In addition, impaired magnesium homeostasis . By directly opposing many of the actions of estrogen at the cell level, progesterone is also very effective at keeping magnesium in your cells where it belongs. Hypomagnesemia means you have a low level of magnesium in the blood.. If you have conditions such as Crohns disease or diabetes, or take diuretic medications, work with your doctor to ensure that you dont develop low magnesium. When the level of magnesium in the body drops below normal, symptoms develop due to low magnesium. That doesnt mean, though that your body wont send you signals that your levels are low. Magnesium may help treat erectile dysfunction, but research on this topic is limited and inconclusive. Several studies have demonstrated an association between high magnesium intake and reduced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). If your diet alone doesnt do the trick, though, a magnesium supplement can help. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health Many of these signs can also be indicative of other health conditions and are easy to mistake for something else. One of the great benefits of magnesium is that it helps us relax, muscles especially. The following foods are rich in magnesium: If you choose to take magnesium supplements, stay below the upper limit for magnesium supplementation, which is 350 mg for most adults. If untreated, it may damage organs like your liver and. Can having vitamin D deficiency cause high blood pressure? Without a higher Magnesium level, you can't maintain a higher Alk and Calcium level. As early as 1934, alcoholism was identified as the cause of low magnesium serum levels by causing excess magnesium excretion through the urine. Hypomagnesemia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment of Low Magnesium - WebMD FOOD SOURCES. In rare cases, an overdose can be fatal. It can also happen when too much magnesium is lost through the kidneys or intestines. Supplementation with magnesium in diabetes can help with better blood sugar control as well as avert insulin resistance (source 1, source 2). In fact, Id recommend it. This also causes increased loss of magnesium. digestive problems such as Crohn's disease. Even water (tap, mineral or bottled) can provide magnesium. Most of us By Brent Wells, D.C. About half of adults in the U.S. are living with a magnesium deficiency and dont even know it. Theyre also more absorbable than other forms. Food is the best way to meet the body's need for magnesium. New Research Suggests Magnesium and Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 One of the many causes of high blood pressure is a magnesium deficiency. Acute Stress Can Kill You What About Chronic Stress? Magnesium and heart rhythm problems | Mayo Clinic Connect Its used to make airplanes lighter. How to Keep Blood Healthy & Reduce Risk of Blood Clots, Why and How to Test Cholesterol Particle Size. Magnesium is also a potent stress reducing mineral. How to Handle Tension, or Stress, Headaches, The Importance of Family & Friends This Holiday Season, Studies Show Meditation Reduces Anxiety and Risk of Stress-Related Disorders, Yoga Gets High Marks for Cardiovascular Benefits, Potential for Oxygen Therapy to Reverse Biological Aging Markers, More Evidence of Strong Link Between Asthma & Heart Disease. When the opposite happens, and arteries become tense and rigid, blood pressure goes up (along with your heart attack risk). Magnesium is basic to cancer treatment and its avoidance. Spot the warning signs, and learn how to increase your magnesium with food and supplements. Magnesium administered to women was seen to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy in infants. In gardening, you prep the soil before you plant. Potassium blood test. Hypomagnesemia is typically treated with oral magnesium supplements and increased intake of dietary magnesium. 6 Sore Throat Remedies That Actually Work. It can affect life expectancy. In type 2 diabetes, the cells no longer respond effectively to insulin which causes a persistent state of abnormally high levels of sugar in the blood. Why Is Magnesium Hurting My Libido | Ray Peat Forum How can you get magnesium in your body? - floreseagle.youramys.com Supplements, antacids or laxatives containing magnesium can interact with many drugs, including antibiotics and medications for chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. However, the same can't be said for supplements. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'natureword_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',101,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-medrectangle-3-0');A magnesium deficiency is easy to achieve and, if allowed to progress, can lead to dangerous side effects for health. What should you do if you suspect your magnesium levels are low? This includes the caffeine in coffee and soda! Magnesium is a vital nutrient for regulating many body processes, including muscle and . In this brief article, we have answered the question, Can low magnesium kill you? and provided information on whether serum magnesium levels could indicate magnesium deficiency, signs of magnesium deficiency, its causes, how to replenish its levels, and uses of magnesium.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'factsaboutfood_com-leader-2','ezslot_10',111,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-factsaboutfood_com-leader-2-0'); https://www.drgitto.com/blog/49131-magnesium-the-fact-that-can-kill-you, https://www.rxlist.com/magnesium/supplements.htm. The Impact of Toxins on the Immune System, Association of Cigarette and e-Cigarette Use with CVD Biomarkers, 10 Ways to Improve Your Health in 5 Minutes or Less, E-Cigarettes Not a Good Way to Quit Smoking, Understanding the Invisible Threat: 5G Health Risks, Wifi Dangers: What You Cant See Can Hurt You, Cell Phone Courtesy A Little Can Go a Long Way. Hypomagnesemia can be caused by a low intake of magnesium. Magnesium & Herpes | Healthfully Both avocados and black beans are magnesium-rich. Some laxatives and antacids also contain magnesium. Magnesium in aging, health and diseases. Your doctor will diagnose hypomagnesemia based on a physical exam, symptoms, medical history, and a blood test. ", Gragossian, A., Bashir, K., Friede, R. StatPearls, "Hypomagnesemia," StatPearls Publishing, 2021., Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: "Clinical Consequences and Management of Hypomagnesemia. Taking too much magnesium is also associated with problems like erratic heart rhythms or slow heartbeat. Can Low Magnesium Kill You? - Facts About Food 2018 HeartMD Institute. If you think back to high school chemistry, the element magnesium may vaguely conjure up memories of the periodic table. It often does. The UL for magnesium is 350 milligrams from supplements only. Chronic kidney disease. Finally, Experts Agree Dietary Cholesterol Isnt Dangerous! Magnesium is essential for normal insulin metabolism, studies say (source). The term blood sugar gets thrown around often in conversations about health Can food protect you against diabetes? And this is where the problem of magnesium toxicity lies. Accessed June 28, 2021. It can occur in people with chronic health conditions, such . However, signs of low levels of magnesium should never be ignored. Clinical consequences and management of hypomagnesemia. You bet it can! Stiffness. Magnesium has found a booming market in sprays, oils and gels. High doses of magnesium can be dangerous.. Severe magnesium deficiency can result in: Its important to talk to a healthcare provider if you notice signs of a magnesium deficiency. I cannot overstate how important it is to give your body the nutrition it needs. For others, it can be seriously detrimental to their well-being. But the National Institutes of Health also says its not as common to have symptoms associated with inadequate magnesium levels. 3. Magnesium is one of many electrolytes in your body and normal levels of magnesium are important for the maintenance of heart and nervous system function. Hypomagnesemia: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology - Medscape If you want to accurately diagnose whether you are low in magnesium, you should consider getting a blood test carried out by your physician to get an accurate answer. 13 14 15 And, whereas calcium supplementation can have negative effects on magnesium levels, magnesium supplementation actually improves the body's use of calcium. A blood test will be ordered to check your magnesium level. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which There are several causes of low magnesium levels:. Medical students are always Is sunscreen safe? However, there are not enough available studies to conclusively link the onset of AF to low magnesium levels. Effects of Too Much Magnesium and Ways to Avoid It What Is Hypoalbuminemia and How Is It Treated? This also can help to retain the communication integrity of the nerves that can be damaged by the herpes virus. The depressant action of magnesium on the central nervous system leading to anti-seizure benefits has lead to magnesium supplementation being considered for the treatment and/or management of epilepsy. ", Shrimanker, I., Bhattarai, S. StatPearls, Electrolytes, StatPearls Publishing, 2021.. Adding more magnesium into your diet is a good first step to overcoming the symptoms of a magnesium deficiency. Here's what you need to know about electrolyte imbalance, its. Is Nighttime Tension Ruining Your Sleep Cycle? Hypomagnesemia: Symptoms, causes, and remedies - Drink LMNT, INC. Tests that may be ordered include an electrocardiogram (ECG). 1. If you follow a low salt/high water content diet this issue is worsened moreso. Fight Allergy Symptoms With These Treatments! Serum magnesium is required for hundreds of processes . More than 300 different enzymatic reactions depend on it. Magnesium is one of the most important minerals in the body. Those who are being fed through a vein may need magnesium supplements. Dont worry; I wont inundate you with all of the reasons why its important to keep your magnesium level up. An increase in magnesium can especially be observed during pregnancy. The NIH says youre more likely to be at risk of magnesium inadequacy if youre living with: People over the age of 60 are also more likely to have low magnesium. Numbness and tingling. Several studies have shown an increased cancer rate in regions with low magnesium levels in soil and drinking water. Magnesium affects the bodys ability to use an amino acid called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which is active in the brain. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Learn what to eat and avoid. I cant think of anything better or more comforting than a hot Mushroomspeople seem to either love them or hate them. Magnesium can help reduce blood pressure. Abnormalities of magnesium levels, such as hypomagnesemia, can result in disturbances in nearly every organ system and can cause potentially fatal complications (eg, ventricular arrhythmia, coronary artery vasospasm, sudden death). When your "intracellular" magnesium levels are low and you suffer a heart attack or an arrhythmia not even the easy access of a defibrillator or paddles . Hypomagnesemia is an electrolyte imbalance and is indicated by a low level of magnesium in the blood. However, chronically low levels can increase the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis. Can Having Hemochromatosis Affect Your Life Expectancy? One of the more dangerous side effects of very low magnesium levels is a predisposition to seizures. Type 2 diabetesranks as one of the worlds fastest-growing chronic illnesses. Having low Magnesium is often missed and can be called the invisible deficiency because it is hard to spot, so diagnosis might be hard to come by unless you find a sympathetic doctor or have an obvious gap in your diet. Conversely, taking magnesium raises magnesium levels in the blood and lowers high blood pressure numbers, both systolic and diastolic (source). I make no bones about how much I love fish oil. Magnesium supplements can be given to patients who cannot obtain magnesium from food sources. All of these conditions have the potential to result in hypomagnesemia. Fact: They're Over the years, my patients have proved to be the best teachers **Q:In your video, Wireless Risk, what type of phone did you say By Brent Wells, D.C. and Stephen Sinatra, M.D., F.A.C.C. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. There can be reduced appetite and nausea also observed. Magnesium deficiency is well known to produce neuropathologies, studies say (source). Your blood pressure may drop quickly and lead to a condition called hypotension. But if you really want to get your magnesium level upand keep it thereyoure going to need some nutraceutical help. At very high doses, magnesium can be fatal. Older adults often eat fewer magnesium-rich foods. However, there can be a reduction in RBCs magnesium levels which can increase the risk of developing sudden cardiac attacks. Years ago, I wrote about the importance of magnesium for the brain; it remains my most read blog post to this day.. We get most of our . Dont ignore feelings of tiredness or weakness. According to research, low levels of magnesium increase risks of developing type 2 diabetes. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'factsaboutfood_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',103,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-factsaboutfood_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'factsaboutfood_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_4',103,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-factsaboutfood_com-medrectangle-4-0_1');.medrectangle-4-multi-103{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}Many research studies have associated magnesium deficiency with sudden death in individuals. One ounce of almonds contains 20% of the daily magnesium an adult needs. Certain medications can interfere with magnesium absorption as well, including some types of antibiotics. A magnesium overdose may. If you have symptoms of low magnesium, it's important to see your doctor to prevent the development of complications. Seizures are known to occur 'due to aberrant neuronal excitability' ( source) which . The normal adult value for magnesium is 1.5-2.5 mEq/L. I go barefoot whenever I can. Also known as water pills, or diuretics, these types of medications are often prescribed for people who have high blood pressure or heart disease. Hospitalized patients have a 10% to 20% chance of hypomagnesemia. According to research, depression is mediated by altered glutamatergic neurotransmission and since magnesium has the ability to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission through its action at theN-methyl-d-asparate (NMDA) receptor, it may be possible for hypomagnesaemia to contribute to both the neurological symptoms, as well as the psychiatric symptoms (source). Gradually rising blood pressure can be a sign of many things, low magnesium levels among them. Yet far too many of us are. Hypomagnesemia is defined as a serum magnesium level less than 0.75 mmol/L [ 6 ]. Magnesium is Basic to Cancer Treatment - Dr. Sircus How Much Vitamin E Is Good for Your Heart? Conversely, taking magnesium raises magnesium levels and lowers insulin levels and insulin resistance. Getting your magnesium from food is best, unless your doctor tells you otherwise. 10 Signs Your Body Needs More Magnesium - YouTube if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'natureword_com-box-4','ezslot_3',102,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-box-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'natureword_com-box-4','ezslot_4',102,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-box-4-0_1'); .box-4-multi-102{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}Findings made available from a multitude of studies suggest a significant inverse association between magnesium intake and diabetes risk (source), with low magnesium levels increasing risks of the metabolic disease in both men and women. Its used to make fireworks. Conditions that increase the risk of magnesium deficiency include gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, advanced age, type 2 diabetes, use of loop diuretics (such as Lasix), treatment with certain chemotherapies, and alcohol dependence. Researchers have now shown in mice how magnesium improves the ability of the immune system to eliminate infected and cancerous cells . Therefore, some special . Use of loop diuretics (such as Lasix) can sometimes lead to loss of electrolytes such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Here's more on why it happens and how to recognize it. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. If so, there's a chance that your body is suffering from a magnesium . Magnesium Test: Symptoms & Causes of High / Low Levels & Deficiency - WebMD kidney problems. If you struggle with sciatic nerve pain, you Ive always loved a little spice and kick of heat in my Out of all of the health complaints Ive heard, one of the We all get it from time to timenausea: that queasy, unsettled feeling For many women, passage through the pre-menopause and menopause years starting That's right! Is it really the best sun protection? All rights reserved. However, raised magnesium levels may also be seen in when patients are given magnesium replacement or in tumour lysis syndrome. Most people today have heard about the Of all developmental disabilities, autism is the fastest-growing. Magnesium Chloride: Uses, Side Effects, and Dosage - Verywell Health It can be difficult to detect magnesium deficiency initially as there might be no symptoms observed apart from fatigue or reduced appetite. (2008). Reply . Magnesium citrate is one of the most common. There is also no clear information suggesting . The following groups of people are more likely than others to get too little magnesium: Magnesium is an important mineral for your body and brain. However, magnesium hydroxide can work faster compared to other forms of magnesium. Not just this, but dietary magnesium intake was inversely associated with risk of depression (source). Hypomagnesemia (Low Magnesium): Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis Not just this, but research findings support a protective role of higher intake of magnesium in reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (source). It tends to be easily absorbed by the digestive tract and is used to help boost levels of the mineral in the blood. Research has associated the administration of magnesium with a reduced risk of developing colon or rectal cancer. How to get more magnesium in your diet. Unfortunately, you cant rely on a simple blood test to know if you have a magnesium deficiency. Muscle spasms. So being low in it can cause irregular heartbeat, muscle spasms, tremors, cramps, twitching, restless leg syndrome and even convulsions. This can include whole grains, whole pulses, leafy veggies, nuts, and seeds.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'factsaboutfood_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_9',109,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-factsaboutfood_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0'); Meat and dairy products contain magnesium. 2. So, you may be low in magnesium and not even realize it. Comprehensive metabolic panel. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. Magnesium plays a role in over 300 metabolic reactions in your body. You may already be familiar with the stress-reducing and pain-relieving powers of magnesium sulfate (aka Epsom salt) in your bath. In fact, magnesium is bound to chlorophyll in all green plants. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Ignoring These 7 Stroke Signs Could Lead to Major Stroke, Is It a Heart Attack or a Stroke? Magnesium deficiency in healthy people is rare but it can be caused by: a poor diet (especially in elderly people or those who don't have enough to eat) type 2 diabetes. A lot of people are living with lower-than-recommended levels of magnesium. It helps regulate your heartbeat and is a natural muscle relaxant. Can zinc supplements help treat hidradenitis suppurativa? This can help reduce stress-related skin irritations, such as acne and rosacea. High doses of magnesium from supplements or . https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/. The effects of magnesium consumption can be more specifically observed in older women. Low magnesium has been linked with sudden cardiac death or heart attacks. Some of the first signs of magnesium deficiency can be: If a magnesium deficiency goes untreated, things can get worse. This is because magnesium is vital for normal cardiovascular function. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Gluten-Free Flours Which Are Healthiest? 2017 Apr 26;9(5). Magnesium is also recommended as a medication to combat migraines. If a magnesium deficiency goes untreated, things can get worse. It helps nerve cells from being overstimulated, which can kill them and cause brain damage. If youre under pressure, I would definitely up your intake of magnesium to help stop nutrient loss. Phytochemicals: Carotenoids and Flavonoids, High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS): How Sweet It Isnt, Vegan Keto Diets: Difficult, But Not Impossible, Why Losing Weight May Be the Best Way to Prevent Cancer, Mediterranean Diet: Optimal Body and Brain Fuel, Potatoes: Benefits, Nutrition, and Drawbacks. Hypothyroidism and Magnesium | Why You Shouldn't Use Supplements Low magnesium can lead to a cytokine storm, during which the body attacks its own cells and tissues instead of fighting off infection. The following groups are at high risk for losing too much magnesium in this way: Hypomagnesemia may also result from the use of certain medications: Doctors may also suspect hypomagnesemia if a person has low levels of calcium and potassium in the blood. Using an inhaler can help in decreasing symptoms of COPD. Youll want to rule out more serious cardiac issues. Dr. Umeda says its a matter of personal preference. Nutrients. The Best At-Home Metabolism Tests for Supporting Your Health Goals. Magnesium Supplements for Candida | Should You Take Them? Serum magnesium lower than 1.8 mg/dL is considered low. Even if you dont have magnesium deficiency symptoms, theres no harm in adding it to your supplement regimen. Because low magnesium levels in people are easy . 10 Symptoms of a Magnesium Deficiency - Cleveland Clinic It is well known by now that hypomagnesaemia itself, that is, low magnesium levels, can cause seizure activity with more severe deficiency (source). long-term vomiting or diarrhoea. What Is Hypomagnesium? Legumes such as lentils and chickpeas. Magnesium deficiency can also lead to gallstones, joint degeneration and bone spurs, kidney stones, and atherosclerosis. Myth: The only remedy for erectile dysfunction is a pharmaceutical pill. Martin KJ, et al. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Magnesium Deficiency - Farm Health Online According to Dr. Carolyn Dean, author of the book The Magnesium Miracle, muscle cramps related to the menstrual cycle can also be related to magnesium levels. Magnesium Deficiency in Dogs is the Number 1 Cause of Muscle Spasms Just as magnesium makes fireworks light up more brightly, its used by our bodies to liven up a range of functions. Magnesium deficiency, also called hypomagnesemia, is a condition characterized by low blood levels of magnesium. When you test for magnesium in the blood, you are checking the level outside the cell. Most people enjoy a massage, though some don't believe it's worth the Over the years, many cultures have practiced hands-on healing (sometimes called spiritual Lower your anxiety and risk ofstress-related disorders! For a lot of people, the effects of low magnesium, or magnesium deficiency, are mild and maybe not even noticeable. Hypomagnesemia can be caused by a low intake of magnesium. Low levels of magnesium could also increase your risk of: Diabetes: "Hypomagnesemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Vicious Circle?

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