[73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. Following military conquest, the British imposed an economic system designed to profit from African labor. In the Northern Region, the colonial government took careful account of Islam and avoided any appearance of a challenge to traditional values that might incite resistance to British rule. In time, they built depots onshore and eventually moved up the Niger River to establish stations in the interior. The NPC, entering candidates only in the Northern Region, confined campaigning largely to local issues but opposed the addition of new regimes. By demonstrating the heavy reliance on West African soldiers for the 'European' conduct of the Great War campaign in the region, it shows how West Africans helped determine the outcome of war in the region. The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. [73] An estimated 500,000 Nigerians would lose their lives due to the pandemic, severely decreasing production capabilities on Nigerian farms and plantations. British influence in the Niger area increased gradually over the 19th century, but Britain did not effectively occupy the area until 1885. Between them, the French and the British had purchased a majority of the slaves sold from the ports of Edo. Resistance was strong in western Igboland, where a series of wars were waged against the British. They selected an increasingly high proportion of African clergy for the missions. Three of these posts were assigned to representatives from each region, and one was reserved for a delegate from the Northern Cameroons. They invited missionaries to follow them and, in the 1840s, made themselves available as agents who allowed missionaries and British traders to gain access to such places as Lagos, Abeokuta, Calabar, Lokoja, Onitsha, Brass, and Bonny. Its effects are still widely felt up till today. The 1922 constitution provided Nigerians with the chance to elect a handful of representatives to the Legislative Council. One of the most influential monarchies in the history of England began in 1066 C.E. The Nigerian Civil War is also known as the Nigerian-Biafran war and took place between July 1967 and January 1970. In the Eastern Region, appointed officials who were given "warrants" and hence called warrant chiefs, were strongly resisted by the people because they lacked traditional claims. "Separatist Agitations in Nigeria Since 1914." African nationalism attempted to transform the identity of Africans. By the eighteenth century, evidence of Christianity had disappeared. It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy, which resulted in an inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950. The primary motives of European explorers were economic. The war was driven by the commercial and imperial rivalry between Britain and France, and by the antagonism between Prussia (allied to Britain) and Austria (allied to France). The policy of indirect rule used in Northern Nigeria became a model for British colonies elsewhere in Africa. 1833 - The abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. One place that felt victim to this imperialism was Africa. [59], Lugard advocated constantly for the unification of the whole territory, and in August 1911 the Colonial Office asked Lugard to lead the amalgamated colony.[60]. The pace of constitutional change accelerated after the promulgation of the Richards Constitution. [72] In line with this attitude, he rejected Lugard's proposal for moving the capital from Lagos, the stronghold of the elite in whom he placed so much confidence for the future. Order. [64], Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. Individuals could be fined or jailed for refusing to comply.[12]. Harding, director of Nigerian affairs at the Colonial Office, defined the official position of the British Government in support of indirect rule when he said that "direct government by impartial and honest men of alien race [] never yet satisfied a nation long and [] under such a form of government, as wealth and education increase, so do political discontent and sedition". The Governor was, in effect, the coordinator for virtually autonomous entities that had overlapping economic interests but little in common politically or socially. An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. While initially organised for professional and fraternal reasons, these were centres of educated people who had chances to develop their leadership skills in the organisations, as well as form broad social networks. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. [58], Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". [59], Following the order recommended by the Niger Committee, the Colonial Office merged Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate on 1 May 1906, forming a larger protectorate (still called the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) which spanned the coastline between Dahomey and Cameroon. In some cases, British assignment of people to ethnic groups, and treatment based along ethnic lines, led to identification with ethnicity where none had existed before.[84]. British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. The transfer of responsibility for budgetary management from the central to the regional governments in 1954 accelerated the pace of public spending on services and on development projects. In 1916 Lugard formed the Nigerian Council, a consultative body that brought together six traditional rulersincluding the Sultan of Sokoto, the Emir of Kano and the Oba of Beninto represent all parts of the colony. Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. Their forces, which were drawn from hundreds of Igbo youth from all parts of the region, created many problems for the British, but the British used forceful tactics and heavy armaments (destroying homes, farms, and roads) to prevail. They gathered information which was needed for policy-making in administration. In 1894 the territory was redesignated the Niger Coast Protectorate and was expanded to include the region from Calabar to Lagos Colony and Protectorate, including the hinterland, and northward up the Niger River as far as Lokoja, the headquarters of the Royal Niger Company. [16] Starting in 1740, the British were the primary European slave trafficker from this area. Taxes became a source of discontent in the south, however, and contributed to disturbances protesting British policy. A permanent British occupation of Egypt required the inviolability of the Ni The supply of precious metals was finite, and monarchs hoped to find large deposits of gold and silver in the Americas. [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. it was on that faithful day, 1 st January 1914 that the [56], Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities. [74] The disease first found its home among the many trading ports along the West African coast. When Faidherbe and his successors proceeded with their conquest of the hinterlands they met with strong and sustained resistance from a number of sources including the Moors, the Toucouleur Empire of Segou under Al Hajj Umar and the powerful Almamy . In the long term, the acceptance of Christianity by large numbers of Nigerians depended on the various denominations adapting to local conditions. As before, Aro merchants dominated trade in the hinterland, including palm products to the coast and the sale of slaves within Igboland. The first known encounter between the British and the people of the region of modern-day Nigeria was on April 1, 1600, when English sailors landed on the Niger River near Katsina, the largest city in northern Nigeria. Developed from Mayan civilization B. acquired empires by means of military conquest C. Independently developed iron technology D. Depended entirely on oral record keeping . The British wanted products like palm oil and palm kernel and export trade in tin, cotton, cocoa, groundnuts, palm oil and so on (Graham, 2009). Whereas Lugard had applied lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south. However, the British East India Company was able to lay the foundation of an empire in the Indian sub-continent because, from a British perspective, of a fortuitous series of circumstances. The Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars stimulated the slave trade at a time when the British were actively trying to stop it. By 18261850, the British Royal Navy was intervening significantly with Lagos slave exports. [77] Its revenue quickly increased, from 4,424 in 1901 to 274,989 in 1910. Although the capital was not moved, Lugard's bias in favour of the Muslim north was clear at the time. In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. There was virtually no pressure for greater unity among the regions until after the end of World War II. With this victory, the British went on to conquer the rest of Yorubaland, which had also been weakened by sixteen years of civil war. . 12 tribes of israel family tree; why did poseidon often adopt the shape of a steed. Unification meant only the loose affiliation of three distinct regional administrations into which Nigeria was subdividedNorthern, Western and Eastern regions. The British finalized the border between Nigeria and French West Africa with the Anglo-French Convention of 1898. It is still felt 56 years after it was officially announced death. For political the British were fixed on expanding their empire and gaining control of every major city, state, or country in the world so they could govern every man or woman as they Show More The country was divided politically, lacking European rivals, and no sense of national unity. The racial discriminatory tendencies of the Europeans to Nigerians. Lugard, replacing Egerton as Governor, aborted the project in May 1913. Retrieved October 11, 2014 from. The classic example in English history was the victory of the Parliament over the king. In 1850, the British created a "Court of Equity" at Bonny, overseen by Beecroft, which would deal with trade disputes. [35] However, the company did accept that local kings could act as partners in governance and trade. Frederick Lugard, who was appointed as High Commissioner of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1900 and served until 1906 in his first term, often has been regarded by the British as their model colonial administrator. Among his leading lieutenants were Samuel Akintola of Ogbomoso and the Oni of Ife, the most important of the Yoruba monarchs. Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. A third of the people associated with an 1842 riverine expedition died. Colonialism is both a practice and a word that means so much to Nigeria. Balewa was called on to head an NPC-NCNC coalition government, and Awolowo became the official leader of the opposition. All were knighted. 4 Pages. To raise additional revenues, Lugard took steps to institute a uniform tax structure patterned on the traditional system that he had adopted in the north during his tenure there. The emirs gave support to limited modernization largely from fears of the unsettling presence of southerners in the north, and by observing the improvements in living conditions in the South. Economic competition among these "houses" was so fierce that trade often erupted into an armed battle between the crews of the large canoes. The Industrial Revolution was a period of scientific and technological development in the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societiesespecially in Europe and North America . In large measure, European missionaries assumed the value of colonial rule in terms of promoting education, health and welfare measures, thereby effectively reinforcing colonial policy. It was a relatively simple adjustment for many Igbo families to transport the oil to rivers and streams that led to the Niger Delta for sale to European merchants. Otherwise, the Governor-General's office was essentially ceremonial. There were numerous differences of detail among the regional systems, but all adhered to parliamentary forms and were equally autonomous in relation to the Nigerian federal government at Lagos. These schools would teach "the basic principles that would and should regulate character and conduct". Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton. The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. The nationalism that became a political factor in Nigeria during the interwar period derived both from an older political particularism and broad pan-Africanism, rather than from any sense among the people of a common Nigerian nationality. The protectorate was organised to control and develop trade coming down the Niger. Accordingly, as the volume of trade increased, merchants requested that the Government of the United Kingdom appoint a consul to cover the region. The principal figure in the political activity that ensued was Herbert Macauley, often referred to as the father of Nigerian nationalism. They never were able to elect sizeable legislative delegations, but they served as a means of public expression for minority concerns. The war also made the British reappraise Nigeria's political future. Quiz. [17] Much of this oil was sold elsewhere in the British Empire. Great Britain was the leaders at this time in colonizing the land filled with rich natural recourses. [19] Ultimately, this became the Royal Niger Company. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. In time they captured Oba Ovonramwen and sent him into exile to Calabar, a town east of Benin. Its activist membership was drawn from local government and emirate officials who had access to means of communication and to repressive traditional authority that could keep the opposition in line. In addition, two other protectorates were declared, one over the Oil Rivers and the other over the hinterland of Lagos, to establish a claim that these areas were also British spheres of interest.. [8] British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807. [73], Due to the failure of the sanitation officers in Lagos, the virus would continue to spread throughout the southern provinces throughout September and finally make its way into the hinterlands by October. Officials of the Sokoto Caliphate considered these treaties quite differently; from their perspective, the British were granted only extraterritorial rights that did not prevent similar arrangements with the Germans and the French and certainly did not surrender sovereignty. The small contingent of northerners who had been educated abroada group that included Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Aminu Kanowas allied with British-backed efforts to introduce gradual change to the emirates. As the emirs settled more and more into their role as reliable agents of indirect rule, colonial authorities were content to maintain the status quo, particularly in religious matters. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. Newspapers, some of which were published before World War I, provided coverage of nationalist views. There were three main factors that contributed to the European colonization Africa which were, political, social, and economic. Although his own ambitions were limited to the Northern Region, Bello backed the NPC's successful efforts to mobilize the north's large voting strength so as to win control of the national government. [43][44] The British forces began annual pacification missions to convince the locals of British supremacy. The factors that led to the colonization of africa by the europeans. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. [78], After establishing political control of the country, the British implemented a system of taxation in order to force the indigenous Africans to shift from subsistence farming to wage labour. Azikiwe had less interest in purely Nigerian goals than did Davies, a student of Harold Laski at the London School of Economics, whose political orientation was considered left-wing. The war was between the Republic of Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra, a secessionist nation that had declared independence from Nigeria. [37] Economically, local colonial administrators also pushed for the imposition of British colonial rule, believing that trade and taxation conducted in British pounds would prove far more lucrative than a barter trade which yielded only inconsistent customs duties. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. Dike, K. O. The receding British presence enabled local officials and politicians to gain access to patronage over government jobs, funds for local development, market permits, trade licenses, government contracts, and even scholarships for higher education. Some of them also manned Company stations and served as District Agents.". He also led the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands). [17] In 1767, British traders facilitated a notorious massacre of hundreds of people at Calabar after inviting them onto their ships, ostensibly to settle a local dispute. In all three regions, minority parties represented the special interests of ethnic groups, especially as they were affected by the majority. The most dramatic event having a long-term effect on Nigeria's economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits. The early Nigerian nationalist did not seek independence. Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. [76], The British treasury initially supported the landlocked Northern Nigeria Protectorate with grants, totalling 250,000 or more each year. [65], Half of all taxes went to the colonial government and half went to the Native Treasury. A revelatory account of British imperialism's shameful impact on Africa's most populous state. The British responded to such evidence of rivalry by defending their right to free navigation on the river at the Berlin West Africa Conference of 188485. Its program reflected greater planning and was more ideologically oriented than that of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons. Beecroft was the British representative to Fernando Po, where the African Slave Trade Patrol of the Royal Navy was stationed. The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders.[12]. This made the British win key battles all over the East Coast, as they effectively grabbed control. emblemhealth medicare customer service; did cody webster play college baseball 0 Home. [38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. Ever since, the north-south divide has dominated the politics of independent Nigeria. The British and the French fought the Carnatic Wars, which the British won decisively - making the British the foremost colonial power. Ethnic and kinship organisations that often took the form of a tribal union also emerged in the 1920s. In popular parlance, discussions of colonialism in Africa usually focus on the European conquests that resulted in the scramble for Africa after the Berlin Conference in the 19th century. The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. Europeans come from Europe. They took the right to rule over it, to levy taxes, to depose kings and to create kings. The search for oil, begun in 1908 and abandoned a few years later, was revived in 1937 by Shell and British Petroleum. Several churches were built to serve the Edo community and a small number of African converts. During the war, union membership increased sixfold to 30,000. The colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. Political activists in the southern areas spoke of self-government in terms of educational opportunities and economic development. The NCNC backed creation of a midwest state and proposed federal control of education and health services. In quick order, a large British military forcedeemed the Punitive Expeditionwas assembled, and on February 18, they arrived in Benin City under orders to invade and conquer it. It, therefore, hired native intermediaries who could conduct diplomacy, trade and intelligence work in the local area. [11] [12] Lugard's success in northern Nigeria has been attributed to his policy of indirect rule; that is, he governed the protectorate through the rulers defeated by the British. At the urging of Governor Frederick Lugard, the two territories were amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, while maintaining considerable regional autonomy among the three major regions (Northern protectorate, Southern protectorate and the Colony of Lagos). Much of the human trafficking which occurred there was nominally illegal, and records from this time and place are not comprehensive. It continued to enjoy special privileges and maintained a de facto monopoly over commerce. 1819 - Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles. Davies and Nnamdi Azikiwe. Empty cart. The National Youth Movement used nationalist rhetoric to agitate for improvements in education. FACTORS THAT LED TO NATIONALISM IN NIGERIA. At the same time it is feasible by degrees to bring them gradually into approximation with our ideas of justice and humanity. The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. Protestant missionaries tended to divide the country into spheres of activity to avoid competition with each other, and Catholic missions similarly avoided duplication of effort among the several religious orders working there. The British targeted Nigeria because of its resources. The Nigeria Regiment of the RWAFF, integrating troops from the north and south, saw action against German colonial forces in Cameroon and in German East Africa. He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeriacan low magnesium kill you. By the mid-1940s, the major ethnic groups had formed such associations as the Igbo Federal Union and the Egbe Omo Oduduwa (Society of the Descendants of Oduduwa), a Yoruba cultural movement, in which Awolowo played a leading role. From January 1914 onwards, the newly united colony and protectorate was presided over by a proconsul, who was entitled the Governor-General of Nigeria. British colonialism destroyed the Ndebele state at the end of the nineteenth century. He was convinced that the Muslim religion had fallen into utter degeneration as a result of moral depravity of the Hausa Emirs. They were the most politically conscious segment of the population and created the vanguard of the nationalist movement. Read suggested they be merged, and more use made of Nigeria's natural resources. Alan Lennox-Boyd, M.P., the British Secretary of State for the Colonies. In the south the British had to fight many wars, in particular the wars against the Ijebu (a Yoruba group) in 1892, the Aro of eastern Igboland, and, until 1914, the Aniocha of western Igboland. The British captured Kano in 1903. British colonialism created Nigeria, joining diverse peoples and regions in an artificial political entity along the Niger River. One of the most effective tactics, the British used to take over most of India. 1821 - Sierra Leone, Gambia and the Gold Coast form British West Africa. In 1905, the colonial government divided Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections; this division was revoked after strong protests. The Royal Niger Company had its own armed forces. To . Instead, the companies had to be content with a monopoly of the export trade in these products. Alienated by the anonymity of the urban environment and drawn together by ties to their ethnic homelandsas well as by the need for mutual aidthe new city dwellers formed local clubs that later expanded into federations covering whole regions. The pulpits of the independent congregations became avenues for the free expression of critics of colonial rule. Christian missionaries were barred, and the limited government efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions.[67]. September 1996. Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. 979 Words. European traders in Nigeria initially made widespread use of the cowrie, which was already valued locally. It is not a federal state with federal Executive, Legislature and finances, like the Leewards. 2. In the immediate post-World War II period, Nigeria benefited from a favourable trade balance.
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