dextran hydrodynamic radius

2004;25(9):155967. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 60, 1650-1662. Chapter 2.1.4 Suspended level viscometers for transparent liquid, Ubbelohde Viscometer page 28-31. Stenekes, R.J.H. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. WebThe study of biopolymers as dextran in aqueous solution, is effectively determined by intrinsic viscosity [] measurements at different temperatures. (2008). Corp. (Seoul, Korea). Epub 2021 Feb 9. ACS Nano. Peptide and protein transdermal drug delivery. Kasaai, Mohammad R. (2012). The enhanced permeability through micropores was confirmed by Franz diffusion cell. Sachdeva V, Banga AK. Pharmacol Pharm. WebThe micelles produced at pH 4.6 have a spherical shape and their size is dependent on the Maillard reaction: reaction time, molar ratio of casein to dextran, and molecular weight of dextran used. 2015;32(5):170413. 2014 Sep;5(9):2324-30. doi: 10.1039/c4fo00319e. Chem. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 38, 2591-2598. The values of Mark-Houwink parameters universalized for the range of working temperatures are the following: 0.4267 for a*, and 0.1455 cm3/g for k*M-H, with 2 of 0.9399. In addition, we evaluated the regeneration of SC after microporation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 13, 2031-2032. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 23, 135-141. 4K, b M.W. Masuelli, M. A. Epub 2022 Feb 2. Pore closure examination was performed using an optical microscope (BX43, Olympus, Japan) immediately (time 0), 4, 8, and 24h following device application. Thermo Fisher Scientific. ; Bataille, B. Hydrodynamic Properties of Tragacanthin. At 25C both values of a and kM-H are within the range reported by [3, 8, 16]. ; Tsuchiya, H.M.; Rist, C.E. 2010;4(1):117. Levin G, Gershonowitz A, Sacks H, Stern M, Sherman A, Rudaev S, Zivin I, Phillip M. Transdermal delivery of human growth hormone through RF-microchannels. If there are particles in the sample, the incident laser light gets scattered in all directions. Typically, the hydrodynamic diameter of the micelles is about 100 nm and the critical micelle concentration is about 10 mg/L. Determination of intrinsic viscosities of macromolecules and nanoparticles. Chen Rong Huei; Min Lang Tsai (1998). The micropores were developed on pig skin and human cadaver skin with dermal and epidermal layers by the microporation device. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 68, 319-329. These results could be attributed to the differences in the in vivo and in vitro skin nutrients supply; with in vivo studies, the skin tissue is supplied nutrients directly from the blood vessels, but the human cadaver skin is supplied from the media, therefore, the skin tissue regeneration efficiency is low [26,27,28]. California Privacy Statement, Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. Ghimici, Luminita; Nichifora, Marieta; Eich, Andreas; Wolf, Bernhard A. Web54 we estimated that the hydrodynamic radii of 3-5 kDa dextran, 20 kDa dextran, and 70 kDa dextran are 2 55 nm, 5 nm, and 6 nm, respectively. Masuelli, Martin Alberto. 2017 Dec 12;27(1):73-78. doi: 10.1007/s10068-017-0274-0. The skin poration was performed using the microporation device (LG electronics, Korea). Dextran (DX) is one type of EPS synthesized by LAB in the presence of sucrose (R g), radius of hydrodynamic (R h), polymer conformation parameter ( = R g /R h), intrinsic viscosity ([]), Mark-Houwink coefficient () and branching degree of DXs of RPYs prepared under different conditions. It is a measure of the width of molecular weight distributions (MWD) as well as probability of molecular weight distribution curve (GPC). J. Phys. Accessibility pp13-21. Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive alternative that addresses the limitations of oral and parenteral routes of drug administration; it enables controlled release and long-term systemic drug delivery through the skin, avoids hepatic first-pass effect, avoids gastrointestinal drug degradation, reduces discomfort and trauma resulting from hypodermic injections, and prevents safety hazards associated with dangerous medical waste from needles [1, 2]. Dependence on Concentration. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 2003;10:33847. Bookshelf Markierte Dextrane sind hydrophile Polysaccharide, die hufig in mikroskopischen Studien zur berwachung der Zellteilung, zum Verfolgen der Bewegung von lebenden Zellen und zur Untersuchung der hydrodynamischen Eigenschaften der zytoplasmatischen Matrix verwendet werden. Crini, G. (2005). However, considering the trauma and unethical practices associated with animal experiments, in vitro studies with human cadaver skin offers an ethical and viable alternative. This phenomenon is observed in the case of hyperbranched biopolymers evidencing an increase of a with temperature. Analytical Chemistry. Kim, D.; Robyt, J. F.; So-Young Lee; Jin-Ha Lee; Young-Min Kim. MeSH Antoniou, E.; Buitrago, C. F.; Tsianou, M.; Alexandridis, P. (2010). The Intrinsic Viscosity of Biological Macromolecules. Experimental Review on Intrinsic Viscosity Measurements and Temperature Effect. Format), Citation-(BibTeX It is well tolerated on parenteral infusion by most people but a very low incidence A lot of research has been devoted to dextrans modification in order to describe special characteristics relevant to specific applications such as surfactants [16], as visible marker [17], polysaccharides-based nanoparticles, covalent crosslinking [18], ionic crosslinking, polyelectrolyte complex, and the self-assembly of hydrophobically modified polysaccharides, and hydrophilic modified polysaccharides [19]. A similar article of dextran/water [35] clearly demonstrating the dependence of Mark-Houwink parameters with temperature. Where f0 is the frictional coefficient of a sphere having the same hydrodynamic (hydrated or solvated) volume V as the particle. 2016;47:15964. Learn More. European Polymer Journal, 37, 619-622. 2012 Sep 1;90(1):441-6. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.063. Experimental Review on Intrinsic Viscosity Measurements and Temperature Effect.". In the range of working temperatures and molecular weights of dextrans, similar intrinsic viscosity results obtained by other researchers and published here are slight, as shown in tables 1 and 3. dextran hydrodynamic radius. The range of temperatures used was 25-50 (0.1) C and it was regulated by thermostatic bath Haake C. The viscosity measurements required Hagenbach-Couette correction time (tg 37.31s). Viswanath, D.S. 2009;301(8):60913. Soc., 16, 3A, 426-433. Macromolecules, 31, 7712-7716. Polyelectrolytes as secondary calibration standards for aqueous SEC. Ghimici, Luminita; Nichifor, Marieta; Wolf, Bernhard (2009). Red blood cell rouleaux formation in dextran solution: dependence on polymer conformation. volume24, Articlenumber:22 (2020) (2003). The 70-kDa FITC dextran reached the jejunum after 15 min and passed the entire small intestine within 1 h after its administration, demonstrating that 4-kDa FITC Degrees of long-chain branching in dextrans. Home > 2022 > Junho > 22 > Uncategorized > dextran hydrodynamic radius. Webof overall macromolecular geometry and hydrodynamic draining. Micropores are produced by the arrangement of microelectrodes on the skin at precise dimensions, then RF energy generated by alternating currents induces ionic vibrations between electrodes with positive or negative charges. Boudry I, Blanck O, Cruz C, Blanck M, Vallet V, Bazire A, Capt A, Josse D, Lallement G. Percutaneous penetration and absorption of parathion using human and pig skin models in vitro and human skin grafted onto nude mouse skin model in vivo. A simple way of universalizing the measurements is shown in figure 4 where there is a curve at each temperature for every molecular weight. Furthermore, the influence of temperature on the intrinsic viscosity is given by the chain flexibility parameter (dln[]/dT), which gives information about the conformation of the macromolecule chain in solution [62]. Dextran; Weissella cibaria; exopolysaccharide; prebiotic; skimmed milk. (1999). Results and Discussion The microscopic dynamics of proteins are probed in a light scattering experiment. H&E stained images were analyzed using Image J software. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 2023 Feb 17;12(4):861. doi: 10.3390/foods12040861. Saudi Pharm J. ; Veldhuis, T.F.J. Liu Zonghua; Yanpeng Jiao; Yifei Wang; Changren Zhou; Ziyong Zhang (2008). Dextran molecular size and degree of branching as a function of sucrose concentration, pH, and temperature of reaction of. Kumar SV, Tarun P, Kumar TA. Each microporated sample was incubated in the skin culture medium. By studying the molecular weights of various solutions of polymer, Solomon-Ciuta arrived at the formula which allowed the calculation of the intrinsic viscosity of polymer solutions by a single viscosity determination. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. (1937). The reason for a nonlinear Mark-Houwink relationship is confirmed by the intrinsic viscosity which in contrast with scaling prediction shows no power law behavior. Markiertes Dextran wird hufig per Mikroinjektion in die Zellen eingebracht. Formul. Characterization and Classification of Dextrans from Ninety-six Strains of Bacteria. DLS tests were conducted at detection angle of 90 (standard) and 173 (backscatter) to measure protein hydrodynamic radius, while protein charge was examined in phase analysis light scattering (PALS) mode at detection angle of 15 (forward). Immediately after formation, the microchannels are filled with interstitial fluid, making them hydrophilic, and a suitable drug delivery system [15]. Viscosity of Liquids. Therefore, the trend of "a" and kM-H decreases with T, where the presence of ethylene glycol or dimethylsulfoxide strongly changes the interactions of this solvent with the macromolecule. Dextran theta temperature between 43.14 and 44.44C for all the range of molecular weights explains the deviation at 45 and 50C [36, 37]. In addition, the permeation rate was higher in pig skin than in human skin. Springer Nature. The characteristic Rg/Rh value for a globular protein is ~0.775, which means that Rg is smaller than Rh. Carbohydrate Polymers, 78, 902-907. a Immediately after microporation, b 4h, c 8h, and d 24h (n=5, *: p<0.05). International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 277, 99-104. Article Pharm Res. FITC-dextran solution was prepared at 1mM in PBS. The effect of branching is best recognized from the molecular weight dependencies of []. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Carbohydrate Polymers 72, 356-360. The proportionality between []0 and M0.5 is obtained as a limiting law for the no draining regime. In contrast to linear chains, power law behavior is observed only asymptotically at large Mv. This low polydispersity realizes that the Mark-Houwink equation is forced at a given Mw regardless of the hyperbranched nature of the dextran molecule. A sugar cane native dextran as an innovative functional excipient for the development of pharmaceutical tablets. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Synthesis of dextran by dextransucrase treated, sucrose-supplemented skimmed milk revealed the promising potential of dextran as a food additive. In order to understand the behavior of this biopolymer in water and to support changes at the M-H parameters with temperature, the hydrodynamic parameters are analyzed (hydrodynamic radius, (RH); Simha number, ((a/b)); Perrin parameter (P); Flory parameter (0); and stiffness chain (dln[]/dT)). Kirkland, J. J.; Dilks, C. H.; Rementer, S. W. (1992). These values indicate for dextrans in dilute aqueous solution, both methods give very similar results of the intrinsic viscosity and the respective Mw. They concluded that a power law behavior seems to be approached only in the small molecular weight region. There is a deviation from linearity after 580kDa [69, 70]. Challenges for the modern analytical ultracentrifuge analysis of polysaccharides. For rigid macromolecules, it is also conventional to combine a solution property with the volume of the particle itself, or with a quantity directly derived from it [54, 55, 56]. Intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship for chitosan. Human skins (Full-thickness human skin) were supplied by HansBiomed. The a value is higher than calculated in this work, because these calculations were performed with number average molecular weight (Mn) which rearranges the value of a and forces him to enter into unbranched or linear molecules (a > 0.5), on the other hand, if molecular weights (Mw) ware used to value would be less than 0.5. The Mark-Houwink parameters indicate the dependence with temperature (T) in the range from 20 to 50C, ie with increasing T a increases and kM-H decreases. Lpez Martnez, M. C.; Daz Baos, F. G.; Ortega Retuerta, A.; Garca de , J. For ellipsoids, as studied by Simha, (a/b) is a function of axial ratio. Proc of SPIE. Kasaai, Mohammad R. (2007). In this sense, the largest deviations were obtained for the highest molecular weight (580-2000kDa with values from 0.8467 to 0.7346). The Transdermal diffusion cell system was protected from light. However, the currently available transdermal systems are limited by low drug permeability across the skin due to the lipophilic barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost skin layer of the skin [3,4,5]; the methods favor low molecular mass, and lipophilic molecules, making it difficult to exploit the transdermal route for large and water-soluble molecules such as proteins and peptides. The calculation of Mark-Houwink parameters is carried out by the graphic representation of the following equation: where kMH (cm3/g) and a are Mark-Houwink constants, depending on the type of polymer, solvent, and temperature of intrinsic viscosity determinations [46]. Changes in the Mark-Houwink hydrodynamic volume of chitosan molecules in solutions of different organic acids, at different temperatures and ionic strengths. 2016;9706:97061E6. The value of Mv is different from Mn, Mw, and Mz in a polydisperse polymer sample [38, 60, 61, 62]. 8600 Rockville Pike Pig skins (Micropig Franz cell membrane) were supplied by Medi Kinetics Co., Ltd. (Pyeongtaek, Korea). The value of kM-H in this work decreases with increasing temperature in contrast to published by reference [34] where kM-H increases. The hydrodynamic 57 radius of the dextranase is 7 ; Picout, D.R. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Walkenhorst, S.; Olivier, R. (2003). Molecular weight (M v) and hydrodynamic properties can be calculated from there. Table 2 shows that comparing the intrinsic viscosity data obtained from the Huggins method and the Solomon-Ciuta single-point method, a similar values are obtained and the %RE is lower for low Mw and it increases for higher Mw. The molecular mass of dextran as determined by the gel filtration and copper bicinchoninate method was This situation is mainly the result of using dextans, solvent, additives, etc. Bahary, W.S. Google Scholar. B 113, 8020-8025. J Appl Toxicol. Aqueous solutions of amphiphilic polysaccharides: Concentration and temperature effect on viscosity. After the pore closure examination, each sample was stored in a 10% neutral buffered formalin awaiting haematoxylin/eosin (H&E) staining. (2007). Ibrahim O, Munavalli GS, Dover JS. Kloster, C.; Bica, C.; Lartigue, C.; Rochas, C.; Samios, D.; Geissler E. (1998). Optical properties of dextran in solution and in films. TEWL measurements were taken 30min after microporation of the human and pig skin. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that the polysaccharide comprised only glucose units. Determination of the intrinsic viscosity has been the most used measurement in the last 60 years. Although, intrinsic viscosity is a molecular parameter that can be interpreted in terms of molecular conformation, it does not offer as high resolution on molecular structure as other methods such as Light Scattering, Circular Dichroism, Sedimentation Velocity, Sedimentation Equilibrium, Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering (SEC-MALLS), High-performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), NMR, X-rays, etc. Nair SS. 2013, Article ID 360239, pp. Human cadaver skins (fresh human full-thickness skin disc, 12~20mm) were supplied by Biopredic International (Saint-Grgoire, France). The Mark-Houwink a constant is close to 0.5 in poor solvents. The relative browning for dextran from W. cibaria JAG8 was similar to commercial prebiotic Nutraflora P-95 and 3-fold lower than Raftilose P-95. Carbohydrate Research, 160, 205-214. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 27, 795-810. 2013;43(4):287303. Harding, Stephen E. (1997). In summary, we demonstrated effective enhancement of skin permeability and delivery of macromolecules lower than 20KM.W., and regeneration of human cadaver skin after microporation with an RF-based microporation device. PMC Jeanes, A.; Haynes, W.C.; C. Wilham, A.; Rankin, J.C; Melvin, E.H.; Austin, M. J.; Cluskey, J. E.; Fisher, B.E. By using this website, you agree to our The numerical value of a indicates that dextrans acquire the shape of a rigid sphere in aqueous solution; and kM-H demonstrates that under water the value decreases with temperature [71, 72]. The micropore formed at the SC through to the epidermis, enabling drug delivery. (more or less, with a hydrodynamic radius of less than 100 nm) to cross from the vasculature into the interstitium. To confirm the extent of skin damage and regeneration after microporation, porations were performed 2, 5, and 10 times. With FITC-dextran 20K, cumulative permeation in the human skin was 2.530.48M, and 3.340.19M in the pig skin, which significantly lower than FITC-dextran 4K. Cumulative amount of FITC-dextran permeated after microporation on the human and pig skin for FITC-dextran M.W.. a M.W. Dextran Specifications: Label (Ex/Em): Fluorescein (494/521) Size: 40,000 MW. Hi Sir Alexander Malm , Thank you very much! Really appreciate your help! Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies In addition, microporated pig skin permeated larger amounts of FITC-dextran than human skin, this can be attributed to the differences in structure between the human and pig skin; the pig skin layer is thinner (SC, 813m) than the human skin (SC, 1017m) and the pig hair follicle is longer (3871m) than the human hair follicle (18m). Biophysical Journal, 87, 4259-4270. Epub 2012 May 28. WebThe micelles produced at pH 4.6 have a spherical shape and their size is dependent on the Maillard reaction: reaction time, molar ratio of casein to dextran, and molecular weight of dextran used. Studies carried out at different ionic strength you can see them in the references [64, 65] and works with different solvents in the references [66, 67]. Biomaterials Research Intrinsic viscosities of polyelectrolytes in the absence and in the presence of extra salt: Consequences of the stepwise conversion of dextran into a polycation. To improve drug permeability, micropore ablation using RF is performed by passing an alternating electrical current through the skin at a frequency higher than 100kHz. The results are shown to be in good agreement with available hydrodynamic models for spherical solutes in cylindrical pores with the effective solute to pore size ratio evaluated using a partitioning model which implicitly Covis, Rudy; Ladaviere, Catherine; Desbrieres, Jacques; Marie, Emmanuelle; Durand, Alain. Multiple Linear Least-Squares Fits with a Common Intercept: Determination of the Intrinsic Viscosity of Macromolecules in Solution. Carbohydrate Polymers, 38, 267-271. 1984;17(6):11703. Biomaterials, 22, 1891-1898. Mark-Houwink-Kuhn-Sakurada Exponent at the Condition. Armstrong, J. K.; Wenby, R. B.; Meiselman, H. J.; Fisher, T. C. (2004). Pamis, R.; Hernndez Cifre, J. G.; Lpez Martnez, M.C. Masuelli, Martin A. Hydrodynamic properties of whole arabic gum. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Carbohydrate Polymers, 68, 477-488. Structural characterization of a new dextran with a low degree of branching produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides FT045B dextransucrase. WebDiffusivity of 2000 kDa Dextran was significantly lower for both hydrogel formulations, but was insensitive to collagen concentration, likely due to a larger hydrodynamic diameter (d h ~ 70 nm) on order of the collagen mesh size. If plotted for all molecular weights, the double logarithm of [] and Mw, the value of a obtained in all cases shows a value smaller than 0.5, which reports that dextran macromolecule has a degree of hyperbranched with increasing molecular weight and increases much for higher Mw (< 200kDa) which making the application of M-H method more difficult. Senti, F. R.; Hellman, N. N.; Ludwig, G.; Babcock, E.; Tobin, R.; Class, C. A., (1955). Amersham Biosciences, AA Edition, www.amershambiosciences.com. For 40 kDa molecules, the hydrodynamic diameter d h ~8 nm is much smaller than the collagen mesh size [33,41]. This study was supported by the LG Electronics. Epub 2012 Oct 18. SWC designed and coordinated the research. (2007). Drug Deliv. 2.It can be found from the figure that at the start-up stage of the shaft, the hydrodynamic effect (HE) is weak, so the HP is not enough to support the shaft, which A simple and rapid method for evaluation of MarkHouwinkSaturada constants of linear random coil polysaccharides using molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity determined by high performance size exclusin chromatography: application to guar galactomannan. However, when molecules deviate from globular to non-spherical or elongated structures then Rg/Rh tend to values upwards of Format). Die Makromolekulare Chemie, 148(1), 229-238. J Control Release. Learn More. Porcine wound models for skin substitution and burn treatment. Barshtein, G.; Tamir, I.; Yedgar, S. (1998). 2006;3(3):37385. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Dextran (DX) is one type of EPS synthesized by LAB in the presence of sucrose (R g), radius of hydrodynamic (R h), polymer conformation parameter ( = R g /R h), intrinsic viscosity ([]), Mark-Houwink coefficient () and branching degree of DXs of RPYs prepared under different conditions. (2001). Progr. 2013 May;64(3):346-54. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2012.734289. Interaction Parameter (); Expansion Factor (); Steric Hindrance Factor (); and Shielding Function F(); for the System PEAOrganic Solvents by Intrinsic Viscosity Measurements. Journal of American Chemical Society, 76 (20), 5041-5052. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The intrinsic viscosity can be easily calculated by the Solomon-Ciuta single-point equation [44, 45]. WebAccording to the above theoretical analysis for the micro-roughness contact model, the relationship between the hydrodynamic pressure (HP) and the contact pressure (CP) is shown in Fig. This universalization of the parameters leads to a higher error ratio in the calculation of the respective molecular weights. Treatment of acne scars by fractional bipolar radiofrequency energy. Arch Dermatol Res. Herwadkar A, Banga AK. 43-1, 115-147. Sintov AC, Krymberk I, Daniel D, Hannan T, Sohn Z, Levin G. Radiofrequency-driven skin microchanneling as a new way for electrically assisted transdermal delivery of hydrophilic drugs. In the case of the work performed in references [34, 35, 36] they studied using the number average molecular weight, which rearranges the value of a and forces it to enter into unbranched or linear molecules, on the other hand, if molecular weights are used the value would be less than 0.5. Advances in Carbohydrate Analysis, 1, 63-144. Gold MH, Biron JA. Google Scholar. (1999). Journal of Chemical Education, 49(8), 577-579. An undergraduate physical chemistry experiment. ; Rjumtsev, E.I. Dilute solution properties and degree of chain branching for dextran. Carbohydrate Polymers 88 373-381. 2008;28(5):64557. Dynamic light scattering study confirmed the mono-disperse nature of dextran with hydrodynamic radius of 900 nm. Polymer molecular weight distribution. After 8h, the micropore became more distorted from the previous circle, suggesting that the micropores were closing. "Dextrans in Aqueous Solution. Recent Pat. The important role of thermodynamic interaction parameter in the determination of theta temperature, dextran/water system. European Polymer Journal, 36, 2143-2146. Figure 2 shows the classical method for calculating Mark-Houwink parameters, where a linear relation between the intrinsic viscosity and the molecular weight is established for each temperature. Figure3 shows a magnified image of human cadaver skin with microchannels formed by the microporation device (250kHz) and the skin closure over time. ; Prasad, D.H.L. Garcia de la Torre, J.; Carrasco, B. Microporation applications for enhancing drug delivery. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. (2000). Viscosity of in water solution polysaccharides depends on intrinsic characteristics of the biopolymer (such as molecular weight, volume, size, shape, surface charge, deformation facility, esterification degree, and galacturonic content) and on ambient factors (such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, solvent, etc.). Molecular Weight Distributions of Water-Soluble Polymers by Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. Alternatives to animal testing: a review. (2004). Dextran consists of -D glucose units with a majority of (16) glucosidic linkages between them. of different origins. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. WebThe Stokes radius or StokesEinstein radius of a solute is the radius of a hard sphere that diffuses at the same rate as that solute. Based on these results a difference of approximately 1015% between the amounts of drugs permeated through the human skin and pig skin models should be considered during human clinical trials. 2018;1:10915. The value of qM-H varies from one sample to another one, because it is a function of a and the average molecular weights (Mv, Mw). Takara, Andres; Acosta, Adolfo; Masuelli, Martin A. Kim J, Jang JH, Lee JH, Choi JK, Park WR, Bae IH, Bae J, Park JW. Carbohydrate Polymers, 39, 377-380. All possible degrees of curling can be displayed by any molecule, but there will be an average configuration which will depend on the solvent. Chem. TEWL measurements were taken to assess the integrity of the skin barrier and the extent of SC disruption. Biological skin substitutes for wound cover and closure. Transdermal delivery of FITC-Dextrans with different molecular weights using radiofrequency microporation, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00201-7, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. (2013). Mark-Houwink values confirm that for these conditions dextrans behave as rigid spheres with a tendency at compaction as temperature increases. Microporation was performed 2 times on each sample. The lower molecular weight of FITC-dextran permeated more on both human and pig skin. In this work, we evaluate the maximum radius of macromolecules able to enter into HeLa cells following a plasma treatment using a size exclusion approach with dextran molecules. Palmuti Braga Vettoria, Mary Helen; Martins Franchetti, Sandra Mara; Contiero, Jonas (2012).
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